Imaging technologies in otorhinolaryngology have evolved considerably since the time when standard tomography was the most advanced available imaging modality. Modern devices such as computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging gradually replaced older tools, and were subject to continuing improvement to better respond to the needs of modern, precision surgery. Today fused multi-modality imaging and computer-assisted reconstructions are used as routine assessment methods for surgical planning and operative guidance. Open magnet systems provide intraoperative imaging capabilities. Work is under way to develop affordable real-time imaging enhancements to intraoperative navigation systems. The acceptance of computer-assisted sinus surgery has allowed more extensive explorations through minimally invasive approaches, with an improved efficacy and safety for the patient. Specific instruments and techniques have been developed for image-guided surgery. The use of computer-assisted surgery for selected sinus surgery cases is endorsed by the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation to assist surgeons in providing localization of anatomic structures.

Surgical simulation is an additional promising means to improve outcomes. By offering repetitive, reproducible training without any potential risk to the patient, simulators have the potential to ensure appropriate proficiency before surgical trainees step into the operating room. Further applications for surgical rehearsal and physician credentialing are anticipated as well. Our research work on Lockheed Martin's Endoscopic Sinus Surgery Simulator (ES3) has explored and validated its usefulness as a teaching, training and assessment device. This positive experience among others is expected to further support the permanent implementation of simulation in the surgical landscape of the future.